Quantum Pulse Theory (QPT) is a finite, background independant theory that introduces a discrete energy entity relating matter, space, and time. A quantized form of Einstein's relativistic mass energy equation can be derived without the use of any inertial frames of reference suggesting this is a more foundational theory. QPT expands the principles of gauge theory to include particle formation based on a stability criteria that maximizes the number of closed wave paths flowing through nodal structures.  

A brief  background on the theory is required prior to deriving the quantized equations of special relativity. A deeper understanding of the principles can be found in the subsequent pages.

The building block of matter is a fixed frequency energy pulse (Pulson) that is both wave and particle, two features of the same entity. At each pulse, a Wave is emitted from a single Center occupying a position in space.  Multiple spherical Waves travel at light speed outward into space and act as surfaces of possible existence for the Center to jump to when a more stable structure would result. While Waves are confined to light speed, Centers are not, they can jump onto a past Wave in a single pulse period.  This supports Quantum Mechanics principle of simultaneous states and quantum entanglement.  In Young's Single Photon, Double Slit Experiment, photon Waves passed through two slits, interfered with themselves, and then the photon Centers jumped to the other side. The figure below shows a possible path P1-P5 of a single Pulson Center C1 as it jumps to various positions on its Waves W1-W5 emitted at each pulse.

Pulsons form fixed length chains (equal to the Pulson wavelength λp) comprised of equally spaced, discrete nodes (Centers).  When a Wave from one Pulson passes through another Pulson Center, it is reflected. Each node emits a fixed frequency wave in a phased succession that allows all of the node wavelets to nest together to create the overall wave pattern with a frequency proportional to the number of nodes in the chain.  Chains form particles with the property of rest mass when they form closed loops which allow a particle to maintain its structure by reforming its nodes on looped wave paths.

The total energy for a particle at rest is proportional to the number of mass nodes (nm) in the chain. Since the wavelength of the chain is equal to its length (λp) divided by the number of nodes (nm), this equation is equivilent to Plank's equation.

    

Pulsons can form particles at rest with nodal structures that allow mass chains to follow multiple paths.

The 4 node planer structure on the left allows only two mass chain paths to travel through it. 

N1-N2-N3-N4 and N1-N4-N3-N2

The 4 node regular tetrahedron structure shown on the right allows six mass chain paths to travel through it:

N1-N2-N3-N4 and N1-N4-N3-N2

N1-N2-N4-N3 and N1-N3-N4-N2

N1-N3-N2-N4 and N1-N4-N2-N3

Three dimensional particle structures shrink in size with increasing mass numbers and decreasing mass wavelengths. Particle stability is based on forming structures that maximize the number of mass chain paths that can travel through them. This principle can be extended further to support Gauge Theory, the fundamental forces are chains bonding particles. 

In QPT when additional energy cannot add to the stability of a closed loop mass chain, an inertial chain is formed. An inertial chain has the same length (λp) as a mass chain but remains broken (open) as it winds through space and consists of a mass component and a velocity component which are normal to each other.  In the figure below, the particle is shown with a planer octogon mass structure consisting of 8 nodes. When 4 nodes of additional energy are added and they cannot form a more stable mass structure, a 12 node inertial chain is formed. This inertial chain continues to follow the path of the mass structure but with an added translational component.

The total energy in an inertial chain is proportional to the sum of the original mass nodes (nm) and the additional velocity nodes responsible for motion (nv). Since the total number of nodes in an inertial chain is greater than its mass chain, it wraps or forms more than one image of its mass structure. This is the physical meaning behind relativistic mass, when nm=nv, two mass structures are wrapped at any given time.  This relativisitic mass can be calculated by multiplying the rest mass by the quantized Lorentz factor:

The quantized relativistic energy equation is proportional to the sum of the mass nodes (nm) and the velocity nodes (nv). When nv=0, the equation simplifes to the energy of a particle at rest (see above).  

Because all nodal chains travel at light speed,  computing a particle's velocity from its energy content is a matter of determining the translational component of the inertial chain. Since the total energy and mass energy are known, the translational component can be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem:

From this energy relationship, the velocity of the particle (inertial chain) can be calculated as: 

The mass chain wave paths which were traveling at light speed while the particle was at rest also travel at sub-light speed in an inertial chain. This has the effect of slowing down time in the mass component of an interial chain. This relativisitc mass time dilation can be calculated by multiplying time by the quantized Lorentz factor:

In order to prove equivalence between Einstein's classical equations and the quantized equations presented here, all values of the quantized Lorentz factors must be the same as the classical Lorentz factors over all velocities from 0 to near light speed. The classical Lorentz factor can be calculated from Einstein's relativistic mass energy equation:

The quantized Lorentz factors are in complete agreement with the classical Lorentz factor as shown in table 1.

 

Quantum Pulse Theory Copyright 2007 Brian Dale Nelson