A pulson cannot be created or destroyed in interactions with other pulsons. Only one pulson center can occupy a given position at any given time.

Figure 2A

In Figure 2A, at time t=0, four pulson centers C1-C4 create a particle by forming a closed mass chain N1-N4 such that the distance between each node equals ¼λp for a total chain length of 1λp. Each pulson center in the chain is ¼Tp out of phase with each successive node. At time t=0, center C1 begins a new period and emits a wave from position N1.

Figure 2B

In Figure 2B, at time t= ¼Tp, wave W1(1), emitted from center C1 at time t=0, has grown to a radius of 1/4λp and intersects node positions N2 and N4 occupied by centers C2 and C4. At this instant of time, center C2 begins a new period and emits a wave from position N2. The arrow designates the progression of centers completing their periods in the mass chain. When the wave of a given pulson passes by a position occupied by another pulson center, the wave is reflected.

Figure 2C

In Figure 2C, at time t= ½Tp, wave W1(1), emitted from center C1 at time t=0, has grown to a radius of ½ λp and has spawned 2 additional reflected waves W1(1,1) and W1(1,2) which have reflected off centers C2 and C4 and have grown to a radius of ¼λp. The wave W2(1), emitted from center C2 at time t=¼Tp has also grown to a radius of ¼λp and overlaps wave W1(1,1). At this instant of time, center C3 begins a new period and emits a wave from position N3. Another arrow is drawn between nodes N2 and N3 to show the progression of centers completing their periods in the mass chain.

Figure 2D

In Figure 2D, at time t= ¾Tp, reflected waves W1(1,1) and W1(1,2) have grown to a radius of ½λp and spawned 2 additional reflected waves W1(1,3) and W1(1,4) which have reflected off centers C1 and C3 and have grown to a radius of ¼λp. The wave W2(1), emitted from center C2 at time t=¼Tp has also grown to a radius of ½λp and has also spawned a reflected wave W2(1,2) which overlaps wave W1(1,4). The wave W3(1), emitted from center C3 at time t=½Tp has also grown to a radius of ¼λp and overlaps wave W1(1,3) and wave W2(1,1).At this instant of time, center C4 begins a new period and emits a wave from position N4. Another arrow is drawn between nodes N3 and N4 to show the progression of centers completing their periods in the mass chain.

Figure 2E

In Figure 2E, at time t= 1Tp, center C1 has completed a full period and now jumps to its original nodal position N1 by appearing on its reflected wave W1(1,5). Likewise, each successive node appears in its original nodal position by appearing on its reflective waves and this process continues indefinitely. Although it would appear that the centers have not moved from their original nodal locations, they have in fact moved through a reflected wave path and instantaneously reappeared in their original positions. Pulsons create particles by forming closed mass chains of a length equal to one pulson wavelength (1λp) such that their centers maintain fixed equidistant relative positions by appearing on their reflected wave paths.

Every member of a mass chain jumps back to their original positions within one pulson period Tp in a phased succession of reappearances. While a mass chain defines a closed loop series of interconnected nodes, a mass chain path also provides the node to node progression, or, flow direction, of the chain. For example, the mass chain for the 4 node particle described in Figures 2A-2E is N1-N2-N3-N4. A particle mass chain assumes that the last node is connected to the first node to form a closed chain. The mass chain path for this particle is also N1-N2-N3-N4 which provides the flow direction of the chain. But the reflected waves allow any given mass chain to have two possible flow directions, or paths. The two potential mass chain paths for this particle are: N1-N2-N3-N4 and N1-N4-N3-N2.

All possible mass chain paths that can flow through a particle structure are called the potential paths. Every particle only has one real path, and can have many virtual paths. The sum of the real path (1) and the number of virtual paths equals the number of potential paths. Because the centers in this four node particle maintain fixed positions, the pulsons have formed structure with the property of invariant rest mass. The mass number (nm) is the number of pulson centers, or nodes, forming a rest mass structure. This particle has a mass wavelength (distance between nodes) of:

Equation 2

where:      λ_m =  mass wavelength (m)

                  λ_p   =  pulson wavelength (m)

                  n_m  =  mass number (integer)

Particle mass chains must satisfy the following requirements:

1)      All chain lengths must be equal to the pulson wavelength λp.

2)      All chain sequences must pass through every node member of the structure.

3)      Chains can not pass through the same node twice (no intersecting chains).

4)      Successive node spacing must be equal to the mass wavelength λm.

The energy of a particle mass chain is proportional to the number of pulsons in the chain nm :

Equation 3

where:  Em    =  total energy of the particle at rest (J)

h    =  Plank’s constant (Js)

 c    =  speed of light (m/s)

λ_m =  mass wavelength (m)

In (3), Em (J) is the energy of the particle mass chain at rest , c is the speed of light (m/s), nm is the mass number, and λp is the pulson wavelength (m).  Substituting (2) into (3) we can calculate the energy as:

Equation 4 

Since the mass frequency fm and mass wavelength λm are related by:

Equation 5

(5) can be substituted into (4) which results in Max Plank’s equation [1] relating a particle’s energy to a particle’s frequency:

Equation 6

Quantum Pulse Theory Copyright 2007 Brian Dale Nelson